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حسابداری و مالی::
نرخ ارز
The European exchange rate mechanism crisis
During the European exchange rate mechanism (ERM) crises of 1992-93, the UK, Italy and
Different methods - some deflated by trade-partner inflation (real effective exchange rate) and others by labour cost, or consumer or wholesale price indexes - can give different results.
adjustment to the exchange rate becomes inevitable if the currency is to be spared a speculative attack.
Not just growth but also changes in the trade partner's exchange rate are transmitted.
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